Who was being targeted?
NSO Group contends that its Pegasus software is meant only to help legitimate law enforcement bodies go after criminals and terrorists, and that any other use would violate its policies and user agreements.
The Pegasus Project did find numbers belonging to suspected criminal figures on the leaked list. However, of over 1,000 numbers whose owners were identified, at least 188 were journalists. Many others were human rights activists, diplomats, politicians, and government officials. At least 10 heads of state were on the list.
For the most part, NSO Group’s clients selected people from their own countries for targeting, but they did occasionally target foreign numbers, including those belonging to politicians and journalists.
Was Pegasus ever used for its stated purpose of targeting terrorists and criminals?
Yes. Numbers belonging to known criminals appeared on the leaked list for some countries. However, these are naturally harder to identify than the numbers of journalists and politicians. Tens of thousands of the leaked numbers remain unidentified, and the true proportion of criminals in the data may never be fully known.
Government investigations
On 20 July 2021, it was reported that French prosecutors would investigate allegations that Moroccan intelligence services used Pegasus to spy on French journalists.[127]
France's national agency for information systems security (ANSSI) identified digital traces of Pegasus on three journalists' phones and relayed its findings to the Paris public prosecutor's office, which is overseeing the investigation into possible hacking.[92]
Peran utama dalam perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pemantauan, pengendalian dan penutupan proyek
Is this kind of surveillance legal?
This is a difficult question because of the number and nature of the jurisdictions involved. Generally, countries have the right to investigate criminal activity and monitor people they consider dangerous or criminal. In many cases, they can do this only after receiving a warrant or approval from a judge. But many of the countries that use NSO Group’s software score poorly on measures of rule of law and respect for human rights, making abuses possible even when the formalities are observed. The large number of politicians, journalists, activists, and academics on the leaked lists suggest that some countries were surveilling people for political or other illegitimate purposes.
There is also the issue of NSO Group’s exploitation of weaknesses in commercial software. Apple, Google, WhatsApp, and other tech firms whose software was compromised may have legitimate damage claims against NSO Group, and in fact WhatsApp has launched a high-profile lawsuit against the company.
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What was NSO Group’s response to the data presented by the Pegasus Project?
NSO Group has denied that the list of 50,000 phone numbers could be a list of targeted persons.
A law firm retained by the company wrote that it looked more like a public list of “HLR” or “Home Location Register” data. HLR data is essentially a database kept by mobile phone companies that allow a real time query of a subscriber’s information. It includes information such as whether a phone is in a network, whether it is active, whether it is roaming, and other basic information.
Karsten Nohl, the chief scientist for Security Research Labs in Berlin, said that HLR lookups have long been used in surveillance of mobile phones because they indicate whether the phone is on, and thus available for hacking.
Moreover, a source with knowledge of NSO Group’s software said that HRL lookups are integrated into the Pegasus system.
Amnesty International’s forensic analysis, explained in question 2 above, also shows that in many cases the targeting was swiftly followed by an infection, often within minutes. This is consistent with a system that had an integrated HLR lookup. Cases when infection did not follow could correspond to HLR lookups that showed the phone was not available at the time.
In sum, NSO Group could be correct that the 50,000 numbers represent HLR data — and this would not contradict journalists’ findings that the same data could represent the selection of targets for infection with Pegasus.
NSO’s full response is here.
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Journalism investigatigation
The Pegasus Project is an international investigative journalism initiative that revealed governments' espionage on journalists, opposition politicians, activists, business people and others using the private Pegasus spyware developed by the Israeli technology and cyber-arms company NSO Group. Pegasus is ostensibly marketed for surveillance of "serious crimes and terrorism". In 2020, a target list of 50,000 phone numbers leaked to Forbidden Stories, and an analysis revealed the list contained the numbers of leading opposition politicians, human rights activists, journalists, lawyers and other political dissidents.[1]
A small number of phones that were inspected by Amnesty International's cybersecurity team revealed forensic evidence of the Pegasus spyware, a zero-click Trojan virus developed by NSO Group.[1] This malware provides the attacker full access to the targeted smartphone, its data, images, photographs and conversations as well as camera, microphone and geolocation. This information was passed along to 17 media organisations under "The Pegasus Project" umbrella name. Reports started to be published by member organisations on 18 July 2021, revealing notable non-criminal targets and analysing the practice as a threat to freedom of the press, freedom of speech, dissidents and democratic opposition. On 20 July, 14 heads of state were revealed as former targets of Pegasus malware.[2] Various parties called for further investigation of the abuses and a limitation on trading such repressive malware, among them the newsrooms involved, the Committee to Protect Journalists, the International Press Institute, and Edward Snowden.
The Pegasus spyware was developed by the Israeli cyberarms company NSO Group. It can be covertly installed on mobile phones (and other devices) running most[3] versions of iOS and Android. The spyware is named after the mythical winged horse Pegasus—it is a Trojan horse that can be sent "flying through the air" to infect phones.[4] Usages of the Pegasus spyware have been monitored for years. Amnesty has argued that the digital invasion is correlated with real-life consequences for spied targets, via psychological or physical damages.[5]
The NSO Group exports are overseen by the Israeli Ministry of Defense's Defense Exports Control Agency (DECA).[6]
In 2020, a list of over 50,000 phone numbers believed to belong to individuals identified as "people of interest" by clients of the Israeli cyberarms firm NSO Group was leaked to Amnesty International and Forbidden Stories, a media nonprofit organisation based in Paris, France. This information was passed along to 17 media organisations under the umbrella name "The Pegasus Project". Over several months, over 80 journalists from The Guardian (United Kingdom), Le Monde and Radio France (France), Die Zeit, Süddeutsche Zeitung, WDR and NDR (Germany), The Washington Post and Frontline (United States),[7] Haaretz (Israel), Aristegui Noticias and Proceso (Mexico), Knack and Le Soir (Belgium), The Wire (India), Daraj (Syria),[8] Direkt36 (Hungary),[9] and OCCRP investigated the spying abuses.
What is The Pegasus Project, and how did it come about?
The Pegasus Project is a collaborative investigation into NSO Group, an Israeli “cyber intelligence” company that sells sophisticated spyware to governments around the world.
NSO Group insists that its mobile phone surveillance software, called Pegasus, is meant to help its clients combat crime and terrorism. But it has also been used to spy on journalists, activists, opposition politicians, and dissidents.
After years of criticism, the secretive company has recently become more communicative, publicizing its commitment to human rights and even publishing a “Transparency and Responsibility Report” in June 2021.
But the spyware intrusions haven’t stopped. That’s why more than 80 journalists, representing 17 media organizations around the world, have come together to produce this investigation.
It began when journalism nonprofit Forbidden Stories and human rights group Amnesty International gained access to a set of more than 50,000 leaked phone numbers believed to be a list of targets of NSO Group’s phone hacking software. As the coordinator of the project, Forbidden Stories then invited OCCRP, the Washington Post, the Guardian, and 13 other partners to help investigate.
In the course of the project, we identified hundreds of individuals who owned these phones. Sixty-seven of them were subject to forensic analysis to determine whether they had been infected, and 37 showed signs of Pegasus activity. This reporting, supplemented by additional databases, internal documents, interviews, court documents, and other sources, formed the basis of the Pegasus Project, an unprecedented effort to understand who has been targeted by the users of NSO Group’s software — and what happens to them next.
Investigative methodology
The leaked list of targeted phone numbers provides an indication of being a "person of interest" and a first indication of possible hacking, to be confirmed via direct forensic examination of the phone. According to Amnesty, "The Citizen Lab at the University of Toronto independently peer-reviewed a draft of their forensic methodology outlined in Forensic Methodology Report: How to catch NSO Group's Pegasus.[10][3] Amnesty also published various tools or data from this investigation, including a Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)[3] and a GitHub repository listing indicators of NSO/Pegasus compromised devices.[3][11] Some emerging unverified online services claim to be able to assess an infection by Pegasus, but their usage is discouraged as possible scams themselves.[12] Amnesty and Forbidden Stories received numerous queries for checking devices but were not able to satisfy the demand for assistance.[12]
The investigation suggested that Pegasus continued to be widely used by authoritarian governments to spy on human rights activists, journalists and lawyers worldwide, although NSO claims that it is only intended for use against criminals and terrorists.[1][13]
A French journalist noted that "in a matter of cyber-surveillance, we observe that abuse is de facto the rule".[14] Forbidden Stories argues the Pegasus software and its usages de facto constitute a global weapon to silence journalists.[15]
Forensic Architecture and the Pegasus Project lead a data analysis and built a data visualisation plotting attempt hacking of dissidents together with real-life intimidations, threats or violence. They have argued that Pegasus has become a key tool for states to repress their own people.[16]
Targets include known criminals as well as human rights defenders, political opponents, lawyers, diplomats, heads of state and nearly 200 journalists from 24 countries.[17] The Guardian mentioned 38 journalists in Morocco, 48 journalists in Azerbaijan, 12 journalists in the United Arab Emirates and 38 journalists in India as having been targeted.[18] Some of the targets whose names have been revealed are listed below; the list is non-exhaustive.
What does it mean to get infected by Pegasus?
Many people targeted by Pegasus have reported receiving text messages attempting to trick them into clicking on an accompanying link. The experience can be frightening and extremely invasive, even before any infection occurs.
Carmen Aristegui, a Mexican investigative journalist, received dozens of messages impersonating the U.S. Embassy in Mexico, her colleagues, and even her bank and phone company.
“Carmen my daughter has been missing for 5 days, we are desperate, I would be grateful if you help me by sharing her photo,” read one message, accompanied by a malicious link.
Aristegui’s son, then a minor, also received such texts, including a “warning” that his social media account had been compromised. “Friend, there is a pseudo account on fb and twitter identical to yours check it out so you can report it,” it read.
Such “phishing attempts,” as they are widely known, have become so commonplace that many people have learned to be on their guard.
But the Pegasus software has gradually become more sophisticated, with the most recent versions able to gain entry to a target’s mobile phone without requiring them to click on a link, or take any action at all.
Once installed, Pegasus can extract data, conversations, contacts, and call logs from the victim’s phone. It can even switch on microphones and cameras to silently record live audio and video.
For a fuller explanation of what Pegasus can do, read OCCRP’s explainer.
How do we know it was NSO Group?
The process of identifying Pegasus infections begins with one fortunate fact: Years ago, NSO Group was not as careful at hiding its traces as it is today.
In setting up a Pegasus attack against Ahmed Mansoor, a dissident from the United Arab Emirates who was hacked in 2016, NSO Group left several references to the name “Pegasus” in the malware that infected his phone. The network infrastructure used to conduct the attacks also left a trail that led researchers back to NSO Group servers.
Researchers say that NSO Group’s software has become more clever at hiding its traces in recent years, including intentionally altering system files to hide evidence of infection.
However, when Amnesty International carried out forensic audits of dozens of phones belonging to people whose numbers appeared on the newly leaked lists, they identified uniquely configured web servers that matched the ones identified in 2016.
Also connected to the same Pegasus network infrastructure are iOS “processes” — small programs not necessarily visible to the user — that appeared on infected phones and did not match any legitimate code released by Apple.
“There’s a sequence that shows a website was being visited, an application crashed, some files were modified, and all of these processes executed in a matter of seconds or even milliseconds,” said Claudio Guarnieri, head of Amnesty International’s Security Lab. These processes, he said, were the same ones found in previously known Pegasus infections.
One process called “BH” or “BridgeHead,” identified after an analysis of Mansoor’s phone in 2016, kept appearing throughout the more recently analyzed phones as well. It appears to be a key component of the Pegasus toolkit.
“There's no doubt in my mind that what we're looking at is Pegasus,” Guarnieri said. “The characteristics are very distinct and all of the traces that we see confirm each other, essentially. There are no contradictory forensic traces that we have seen.”
Along with this project, Amnesty International is publishing the full technical analysis that allowed their researchers to reach these conclusions. It was independently reviewed by Citizen Lab, a research center at the University of Toronto that has years of experience investigating NSO Group. The Citizen Lab researchers concurred with Amnesty International’s analysis.
